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Denomination:Denar
Composition:Silver
Year:N/A
Era:Medieval
Grade:MS 62
Region of Origin:Europe
Country/Region of Manufacture:Hungary
Certification:NGC
Bela II, 1131-1141, Silver Denar. Kingdom of Hungary, NGC MS62. Bla the Blind(Hungarian:Vak Bla;Croatian:Bela Slijepi;Slovak:Belo Slep;c.1109 13 February 1141) wasKing of HungaryandCroatiafrom 1131 to 1141. He wasblindedalong with his rebellious fatherlmoson the order of lmos’s brother, KingColoman of Hungary. Bla grew up in monasteries during the reign of Coloman’s sonStephen II. The childless king arranged Bla’s marriage withHelena of Rascia, who would become her husband’s co-ruler throughout his reign.Bla was crowned king at least two months after the death of Stephen II, implying that his accession to the throne did not happen without opposition. Two violent purges were carried out among the partisans of his predecessors to strengthen Bla’s rule. King Coloman’s alleged sonBoristried to dethrone Bla but the king and his allies defeated the pretender’s troops in 1132. In the second half of Bla’s reign, Hungary adopted an active foreign policy.BosniaandSplitseem to have accepted Bla’s suzerainty around 1136. Early years until 1131 Bla was the only son of Dukelmosthe younger brother of KingColoman of Hungaryby his wife, Predslava of Kiev.Historians Gyula Krist and Ferenc Makk write that Bla was born between 1108 and 1110.lmos devised several plots to dethrone his brother.In retaliation, the king deprived lmos of hisducatusor «duchy» between 1105 and 1108. lmos did not give up his ambitions and King Coloman had him and the child Blablindedbetween 1112 and 1115 to secure a peaceful succession for his own son,Stephen. According to one of the two versions of these events recorded in theIlluminated Chronicle, the king even ordered that Bla should be castrated but the soldier who was charged with this task refused to execute the order. The child Bla and his father,lmosareblindedon KingColoman’s order (from theIlluminated Chronicle) [The] King took the Duke and his infant son Bela and blinded them. He also gave orders that the infant Bela should be castrated. But the man who was instructed to blind them feared God and the sterility of the royal line, and therefore he castrated a dog and brought its testicles to the King. The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle After their blinding, lmos lived in themonastery of Dms, which he had founded. Krist and Makk write that it is probable that Bla lived with his father in the monastery.TheAnnales Posoniensesrelates that «the child was growing in the reign of King Coloman’s son, Stephen», who ascended the throne in 1116.Having hatched a failed plot against the king, lmos left the monastery and fled toConstantinoplein about 1125. For unknown reasons, Bla did not follow his father to theByzantine Empire. TheIlluminated Chroniclenarrates that he was kept «concealed in Hungary from the fury» of the king.Bla settled in thePcsvrad Abbey, whose abbot sheltered him in secret. lmos died in exile on 1 September 1127. According to theIlluminated Chronicle, Bla’s partisans «revealed to the King, who believed him to have died after his blinding, that Bla was alive». On hearing this, King Stephen II «rejoiced with great joy, for he knew beyond doubt that he would have no heir». The king even arranged Bla’s marriage with Helena of Serbia and grantedTolnato the couple around 1129. King Stephen II died in early 1131.A late sourcetheOttoman Turkishchronicle known asTarih-i ngrsorThe History of the Hungariansnarrates that Bla ascended the throne after his predecessor’s nephewSaul, whom Stephen II had nominated as his heir, had died. Bla II was crowned inSzkesfehrvron 28 April, substantiating the reliability of this report.However, no scholarly consensus on the exact circumstances of Bla’s ascension exists. According to Gyula Krist, Bla was crowned by ArchbishopFelicianafter a civil war between his and Saul’s partisans, but Pl Engel does not mention any conflict related to Bla’s succession. Reign Consolidation (11311132) Massacre of Bla II’s opponents on the orders of QueenHelenaat the assembly ofAradin 1131 Bla’s blindness prevented him from administering his kingdom without assistance.He put his trust in his wife and her brotherBelo.Both royal and private charters from Bla’s reign emphasize Queen Helena’s pre-eminent role in the decision-making process, proving that the king regarded his wife as his co-ruler.According to theIlluminated Chronicle, at «an assembly of the realm nearArad»in early to mid-1131, Queen Helena ordered the slaughter of all noblemen who were accused of having suggested the blinding of her husband to King Coloman.Bla distributed the goods of the executed magnates between the newly establishedArad Chapterand the early 11th-centurybuda Chapter. Bla’s was on good terms with theHoly Roman Empire, jeopardizing the interests ofBoleslaw III of Polandwho had been warring with the empire.The Polish monarch decided to support a pretender to the Hungarian crown namedBoris. Boris was born to King Coloman’s second wifeEuphemia of Kievafter his mother was repudiated for adultery.After Boris arrived in Poland, a number of Hungarian noblemen joined him. Others sent messengers to Boris «to invite him that he should come and with their help claim the kingdom for himself», according to theIlluminated Chronicle. Accompanied by Polish andRus’reinforcements, Boris broke into Hungary in mid-1132.Bla entered into an alliance withLeopold III, Margrave of Austria. Before launching a counter-attack against Boris, Bla convoked a council on the riverSaj.TheIlluminated Chroniclerelates that the King asked «the eminent men of Hungary» who were present if they knew whether Boris «was a bastard or the son of King Coloman». The King’s partisans attacked and murdered all those who proved to be «disloyal and divided in their minds»during the meeting.Boris, who thought that the majority of the Hungarian lords supported his claim, in vain sent one of his partisans to Bla’s camp to incite the King’s retinue to mutiny. [Samson] proposed to go to the assembly of the King and there openly and publicly insult him. All approved and [Boris] himself, misled by empty hope, gave him great thanks; for he wanted to complete what he had begun, and he thought that after the King had been thus insulted the kingdom would be his. The King had taken up his station near the river [Saj], and as he sat in his tent with his nobles and soldiers, behold, [Samson] entered and said to the King: «Vile dog, what are you doing with the kingdom? It is better that your lord [Boris] have the kingdom and for your to live in your monastery, as your father did.» There was commotion among the nobles of the realm, and Johannes, the son of Otto, the King’s notary… , said to Count Bud: «Why are we waiting? Why do we not seize him?» As they made to seize him, he hastily leapt upon a horse and fled. The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle Bla tried to persuade the Polish monarch to stop supporting the pretender. However, Boleslaw remained loyal to Boris. In the decisive battle, which was fought on the river Saj on 22 July 1132, the Hungarian and Austrian troops defeated Boris and his allies. Expansion (11321139) Boleslaw III of Poland could not assist Boris after theBattle of the Saj. Bla’s alliesSobslav I of BohemiaandVolodimirko of Peremyshlinvaded Poland each year between 1132 and 1135. Sobslav regularlyin 1133, 1134, 1137, and 1139visited Bla’s court.The Czech monarch even persuadedLothar III, Holy Roman Emperorto force Boleslaw III to abandon Boris and recognize Bla’s rule in Hungary in August 1135. The seal of Bla II Hungary adopted an expansionist policy after Boris’s attempts to dethrone Bla. The chroniclerThomas the Archdeaconrelates thatGaudius, who becameArchbishop of Splitin 1136, «enjoyed great favor with the kings of Hungary» and «often visited their court». The report suggests that Split accepted Bla II’s suzerainty around 1136, but this interpretation of the sources is not universally accepted by historians. The exact circumstances surrounding the submission of Bosnia are unknown but the region seems to have accepted Bla’s suzerainty without resistance by 1137.HistorianJohn V. A. Finewrites that the northeastern regions of the province formed part of Queen Helena’s dowry. The Hungarian army penetrated into the valley of theRama River, a tributary of theNeretva River, in about 1137. Although Bla assumed the titleKing of Ramain token of the new conquest, the permanent occupation of the region is not proven. Hungarian troops participated in a campaign launched by Grand PrinceYaropolk II of KievagainstVsevolod of Kievin 1139. Bla strengthened his alliance with the Holy Roman Empire.For this purpose, he gave financial support toOtto of Bamberg’s missions among thePomeraniansand arranged the engagement of his daughterSophiawithHenry, son of the new German kingConrad IIIin June 1139. Last years (11391141) Bla’s denar According to the Hungarian chronicles, in the last few years of his life Bla became a drunkard.His courtiers took advantage of his drunkenness to receive grants from him.When he was in an alcoholic stupor, he sometimes ordered the execution of innocent men.Bla died on 13 February 1141, «on theIdes of February, a Thursday».He was buried in theSzkesfehrvr Cathedral. After King Bela had been established in his rule of the kingdom, he indulged himself much with wine. His courtiers found that whatever they asked of the King in his drunkenness he would grant, and after his drunkenness he could not take it back. In his drunkenness he delivered Poch and Saul, who were inreligious orders, into the hands of their enemies, and they were killed without cause. The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle
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